2025

​Frederick, A., Lin, X., Edwards, C., & Edwards, A. (2025). AI and human generation of classroom content: adult learners’ perceptions. Communication Education, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2025.2466502

Spence, P. R., Lin, X., Lachlan, K., & Kaufmann, R. (2025). ​Quickening the shift from disruption to opportunity: administrators and AI in higher education. Communication Education.

2024

Abendschein, B., Lin, X., Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Rijhwani, V. (2024). Credibility and altered communication styles of AI graders in the classroom. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12979

​Craig, M. J., Lin, X., Edwards, C., & Edwards, A. (2024). Can you repeat that again? Investigating the mediating effects of perceived accommodation appropriateness for accommodative voice-based assistants. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 100102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100102.

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Fortunati, L., Manganelli, A. M., & De Luca, F. (2024). Mass robotics: How do people communicate with, use, and feel about Alexa? A cross-cultural, user perspective. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2024.100060

Etzrodt, K., Kim, J., van der Goot, M. J., Prahl, A., Choi, M., Craig, M. J. A., Dehnert, M., Engesser, S., Frehmann, K., Grande, L., Leo-Liu, J., Liu, D., Mooshammer, S., Rambukkana, N., Rogge, N., Sikström, P., Son, R., Wilkenfeld, N., Xu, K., Zhang, R., Zhu, Y., & Edwards, C. (2024). What HMC teaches us about authenticity. Human-Machine Communication, 8, 227-251. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.8.11
Note on authorship: In acknowledgment of the collective nature of this work, the authorship, beyond the initial four lead authors, is arranged alphabetically, with the exception of the last author.

Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (Eds.). (2024). The De Gruyter Handbook of Robots in Society and Culture (Vol. 3). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.

Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (2024). Domestic Appliances and Household Robots: The Changing Landscape of Housework and Family. The De Gruyter Handbook of Robots in Society and Culture, 3, 411.

Fortunati, L., Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (2024). The perturbing contribution of virtual assistants to mediatization: The case of Alexa. Human-Machine Communication, 7, 99-119. https://doi.org/10.30658/hmc.7.6

Jin, X., Spence, P. R., & Nah, S. (2024). Integrating Big-Data Tools to Study AI and Human–Machine Communication: Methodology Strengths, Future Directions, and Applications. The De Gruyter Handbook of Robots in Society and Culture, 3, 355.

Kim, J., Etzrodt, K., Prahl, A., & Edwards, C. (2024). Communicating with machines: Future trajectories in the field of human-machine communication. Global Journal of Media Studies, 11(1), 71-105. https://doi.org/10.26599/GJMS.2024.9330006. Link: hmc_commentary.pdf

Kim, J., Kelly, S., Colón, A. X., Spence, P. R., & Lin, X. (2024). Toward thoughtful integration of AI in education: mitigating uncritical positivity and dependence on ChatGPT via classroom discussions. Communication Education, 1-17.​

Spence, P., Edwards, C., & Craig, M. J. A. (2024). Interacting with social robots: The influence of their distinctive cues, behavioral capabilities, and affordances on social interaction and well-being. In L. Fortunati and A. Edwards (Eds.), De Gruyter Handbook of Robots in Society and Culture. De Gruyter.

Spence, P. R., & Lin, X. (2024). Social media and crisis research. In M. M. Skoric & N. Pang (Eds.), Research handbook on social media and society (pp. 84-97). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Spence, P. R., Kaufmann, R., Lachlan, K. A., Lin, X., & Spates, S. A. (2024). Examining perceptions and outcomes of AI versus human course assistant discussions in the online classroom. Communication Education, 73(2), 121-142.

2023

Craig, M. J. A., & Choi, M. (accepted). The role of affective and cognitive involvement in the mitigating effects of AI source cues on Hostile Media Bias. Telematics and Informatics.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Rijhwani, V. (2023). When in doubt, lay it out: Over vs. under-accommodation in human-robot interaction. Language Sciences, 99, 101561.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A. P., Abendschein, B., Frederick, A., & Koch, K. (2023, March). Robots as Social Cues: The Influence of Follow Cargo Robot Use on Perceptions of Leadership Quality and Interpersonal Impressions. In Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (pp. 297-300).

Prahl, A., & Edwards, A. P. (2023). Defining Dialogues: Tracing the Evolution of Human-Machine Communication. Human-Machine Communication, 6(1), 1.

Rainear, A., Spence, P. R., & Lachlan, K. A. (2023). Needs and practices for AI-mediated messaging in uncertain circumstances. In S. Nah (Ed.), Research handbook on artificial intelligence and communication (pp. 315-324). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Rijhwani, V., &  Edwards, C. (2023). ‘Hey Siri, You’re Dumb!’: Investigating Blurting Instances of Voice-Based Assistants, Interacting with Computers, iwad047, https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwad047

Spence, P. R. (2023). Why wasn’t I ready for that? Suggestions and research directions for the use of machine agents in organizational life. In S. Nah (Ed.), Research handbook on artificial intelligence and communication (pp. 325-336). Edward Elgar Publishing.​

Spence, P. R., Kaufman, R., Lachlan, K. A., Lin, X., & Spares, S. A. (2023). Extending the understanding of online discussions: A replication of online students’ perceptions of identity and helper heuristics. Communication Education, 72(4), 367-381. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2023.2169315​​

2022

Abendschein, B., Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (2022). Novelty experience in prolonged interaction: A qualitative study of socially-isolated college students’ in-home use of a robot companion animal. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9, 733078.

Edwards, A., Gambino, A., & Edwards, C. (2022). Factors of attraction in human-machine communication. Publizistik, 67(4), 517-529.

Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (2022). Does the correspondence bias apply to social robots?: Dispositional and situational attributions of human versus robot behavior. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 8, 788242.

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Abendschein, B., Espinosa, J., Scherger, J., & Vander Meer, P. (2022). Using robot animal companions in the academic library to mitigate student stress. Library Hi Tech, 40(4), 878-893.

Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (2022). Gender and human-machine communication: Where are we?. Human-Machine Communication, 5, 7-47.

Fortunati, L., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Manganelli, A. M., & de Luca, F. (2022). Is Alexa female, male, or neutral? A cross-national and cross-gender comparison of perceptions of Alexa’s gender and status as a communicator. Computers in Human Behavior, 137, 107426.

Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. P. (2022). Framing the Psycho-Social and Cultural Aspects of Human-Machine Communication. Human-Machine Communication, 4(1), 1.

Lin, X., Lachlan, K. A., & Spence, P. R. (2022). “I thought about it and I may follow what you said”: Three studies examining the effects of elaboration and source credibility on risk behavior intentions. Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research, 5(1), 9-28. https://doi.org/10.30658/jicrcr.5.1.2

Richards, R. J., Spence, P. R., & Edwards, C. (2022). Human-Machine Communication Scholarship Trends: An Examination of Research From 2011 to 2021 in Communication Journals. Human-Machine Communication, 4(1), 3.

Scherger, J., Espinosa, J., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Abendschein, B., & Vander Meer, P. (2022). “Do Students Dream of Electric Cats (or Dogs)?: Using Robotics for a Unique Exam Week Activity in the Library”. University Libraries Faculty & Staff Publications. 55.
https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/library_pubs/55

2021

Abendschein, B., Edwards, C., Edwards, A. P., Rijhwani, V., & Stahl, J. (2021). Human-Robot
Teaming Configurations: A Study of Interpersonal Communication Perceptions and Affective Learning in Higher Education. Journal of Communication Pedagogy, 4(1), 12.

Abendshein, B., Edwards, C., & Edwards, A. (2021). The influence of agent and message type on perceptions of social support in human-machine communication. Communication Research Reports, https://doi.org/10.1080/08824096.2021.1966405

Banks, J., Edwards, A., & Westerman, D. (2021). The space between: Nature and machine heuristics in evaluations of organisms, cyborgs, and robots. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.

Craig, M. C., & Edwards, C. (2021). Feeling for our robot overlords: Perceptions of emotionally expressive social robots in initial interactions. Communication Studies, 72, 251-265.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Spence, P. R., Rosenthal-von der Pütten, A., Westerman, D., Guzman, A., & Rodriguez-Hidalgo, C. (2021, March). Building Bridges and Not Walls: Expanding the Human-machine Communication Connections within HRI. In Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (pp. 682-684).

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Albrehi, F., & Spence, P. (2021). Interpersonal impressions of a social robot versus human in the context of performance evaluations. Communication Education, 70(2), 165-182.

Rainear, A. M., Jin, X., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., & Spence, P. R. (2021). A Robot, Meteorologist, and Amateur Forecaster Walk into A Bar: Examining Qualitative Responses to A Weather Forecast Delivered via Social Robot. Communication Studies, 1-17.​

Spence, P., Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Rainear, A., & Jin, X. (2021). “They’re always wrong anyway”: exploring differences of credibility, attraction, and behavioral intentions in professional, amateur, and robotic-delivered weather forecasts. Communication Quarterly.

2020

Banks, J., & Edwards, A. (2020). A common social distance scale for humans and robots. In 2019 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE.

​Beattie, A. J., Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (in press). A bot and a smile: Interpersonal impressions of chatbots and humans using emoji in computer-mediated communication. Communication Studies.

Craig, M. J., Edwards, C., & Edwards, A. (in press). “But they’re my avatar”:
Examining character attachment to android avatars in Quantic Dream’s Detroit: Become Human. In 2020 15th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. xx). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1145/3371382.3378298​

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., & Gambino, A. (2020). The social pragmatics of communication with social robots: Effects of robot message design logic in a regulative context. International Journal of Social Robotics. doi: 10.1007/s12369-019-00538-7

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Albrehi, F. & Spence, P. R. (2020). Interpersonal impressions of a social robot versus human in the context of performance evaluations. Communication Education, 10.1080/03634523.2020.1802495

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Rijhwani, V. (2020). Rate my robot: The effect of word-Of-mouth (WOM) on perceptions of a social robot’s teaching performance. In 2020 29th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN). IEEE.

Espinosa, J., Scherger, J., Abendschein, B. Edwards, A., & Edwards, C., VanderMeer, P. F. (2020). A Purrfect Partnership: The Library and Robotics Lab Introduce Robot Animals to Ease Student Stress as a Finals Week Event. American Library Association Conference, Chicago (virtual).

Fortunati, L., & Edwards, A. (2020). Opening space for theoretical, methodological, and empirical issues in human-machine communication. Human-Machine Communication, 1, 7-18, doi: 10.30658/ hmc.1.1

Westerman, D., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Zhenyang, L., Spence, P. (2020). I-It, I-Thou, I-Robot: The Perceived Humanness of AI in Human-Machine Communication. Communication Studies. DOI: 10.1080/10510974.2020.1749683

Westerman, D., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Spence, P. R. (2020). Social Robots and
Social Presence: Interpersonally Communicating with Robots. International Journal of Telepresence.

2019

Banks, J. & Edwards, A. (2019). A Common Social Distance Scale for Robots and Humans. 28th IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN), New Delhi, India, 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/RO-MAN46459.2019.8956316.

Banks, J., Westerman, D., & Edwards, A. (2019). Nature and machine heuristics: Activation and dominance in response to organisms, cyborgs, and machines. In 2019 2nd APA Conference on Technology, Mind, and Society (TMS). APA.

Craig, M. J., Edwards, C., Edwards, A. (2019). Video games, morality, and robots: Examining player’s moral decision making in Quantic Dream’s Detroit Become Human Presented at the 69th annual convention of the International Communication Association, Washington, D.C., USA.

​Craig, M. J., Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Spence, P. R. (2019, March). Impressions of Message Compliance-Gaining Strategies for Considering Robot Rights. In 2019, 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 560-561). IEEE.

Edwards, A., Westerman, D., Edwards, C., & Spence, P. R. (2019). Communication is…Transhuman. In A. Tyma and A. Edwards (Eds.) Communication is…Perspectives on theory (pp. 49-66). Cognella.

Edwards, C. (2019). Alexa, how do I teach my students about you?”: Meeting the challenges of AI and robotics in the communication classroom. Panel presented at the 105th Annual Convention of the National Communication Association, Baltimore, MD.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Kim, J., Spence, P. R., de Graaf, M., Nah, S., & Rosenthal-von der Pütten, A. (2019, March). Human-Machine Communication: What Does/Could Communication Science Contribute to HRI?. In 2019, 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 673-674). IEEE.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Stoll, B., Lin, X., & Massey, N. (2019) Evaluations of an artificial intelligence instructor’s voice:  Social identity theory in human-robot interactions. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 357-362.​

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Westerman, D., & Spence, P. R. (2019). Initial expectations, interactions, and beyond with social robots. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 308-314. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.042

​Luo, Z., Westerman, D., & Banks, J. (2019). Extending the self: Player-avatar relations and presence among US and Chinese gamers. Journal For Virtual Worlds Research, 12(3).

Packard, C., Boelk, T., Andres, J., Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Spence, P. R. (2019, March). The Pratfall Effect and Interpersonal Impressions of a Robot that Forgets and Apologizes. In 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 524-525). IEEE.

Spence, P. R. (2019). Searching for questions, original thoughts, or advancing theory: Human-machine communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 285-287.

Spence, P. R., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., & Jin, X. (2019). ‘The bot predicted rain, grab an umbrella’: few perceived differences in communication quality of a weather Twitterbot versus professional and amateur meteorologists. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(1), 101-109.

Spence, P.R., Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Nemer, D., & Lachlan, K. (2019). Rage against the machine: Negative reactions and antisocial interactions with social bots and social robots. In E. Downs (Ed.) The Dark Side of Media and Technology. Peter Lang: New York.

Spence, P. R., Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Lin, X. (2019, March). Testing the Machine Heuristic: Robots and Suspicion in News Broadcasts. In 2019 14th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) (pp. 568-569). IEEE.

Rainear, A. M., Lachlan, K. A., & Fishlock, J. (2019). Exploring retention and behavioral intentions when using social robotics to communicate a weather risk. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 372-379.

Westerman, D., Cross, A. C., & Lindmark, P. G. (2019). I believe in a thing called bot: Perceptions of the humanness of “chatbots”. Communication Studies, 70(3), 295-312.

2018

Beattie, A. J., Edwards, C., & Williams, M. (2018). Telepresence group leaders receive higher ratings of social attractiveness and leadership quality. In HRI’18 Companion: Conference on ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL,   USA. ACM: NYC. doi: 10.1145/3173386.3176952

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Gambino, A., (2018). Preference for rhetorical messages from a social robot in regulatory situations. In Proceedings of Technology, Mind, and Society (TechMindSociety ’18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, doi: 10.1145/3183654.3183687

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., & Spence, P. R. (2018). Life is a Lab: Developing a communication research lab for undergraduate and graduate education. Journal of Communication Pedagogy, 1.  scholarworks.wmich.edu/jcp/vol1/iss1/14/

Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (2018). Human-machine communication in the classroom. In M.L. Houser and A. M. Hosek’s (Eds.) Handbook of instructional communication II (2nd ed.). Routledge: New York.​

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Omilion-Hodges, L. (2018). Receiving medical treatment plans from a robot: Evaluations of presence, credibility, and attraction. In HRI’18 Companion: Conference on ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL, USA. ACM: NYC. doi: 10.1145/3173386.3177050 

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Spence, P. R., & Lin, X. (2018). I, teacher: using artificial intelligence (AI) and social robots in communication and instruction. Communication Education, 67(4), 473-480.

Edwards, C., Stoll, B., Edwards, A., Spence, P., & Gambino, A. (2018). “I’ll present to the human”: Effects of a robot evaluator on anticipatory public speaking anxiety. In A. Gutzman (Ed.) Human-machine communication: Rethinking communication, technology, and ourselves. Peter Lang.

Goble, H., & Edwards, C. (2018). A Robot that Communicates with Vocal Fillers has…Uhhh…Greater Social Presence. Communication Research Reports, 35, 256-260.  

Lachlan, K.A., Rainear, A.M., Spence, P.R., Fishlock, J., Vanco, B., & Xu, Z. (2018). Comparing responses to risk messages across traditional and robotic platforms: Source credibility, risk perception, and affective response. In V. Petrova (Ed.), Advances in Engineering Research (Vol. 19). New York: Nova Science.

Spence, P. R., Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (2018). Attitudes, prior interaction, and petitioner credibility predict support for considering the rights of robots. In HRI’18 Companion: Conference on ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, Chicago, IL, USA. ACM: NYC. doi: 10.1145/3173386.3177071​

2017

Edwards, A., & Edwards, C. (2017). The machines are coming: Future directions in instructional communication research. Communication Education, 66, 487-488.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., & Spence, R. (2017). Robotic Communication. The SAGE  Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods (Ed. Mike Allen) pp. 1518-1522.   Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Lin, X., Xu, Z., Rainear, A.M., Rice, R., Spence, P.R., & Lachlan, K.A. (2017). Research in Crises, Data Collection Suggestions and Practices. In S. Elswick (Ed.), Data Collection: Methods, Ethical Issues, and Future Directions (pp. 49-64).  New York: Nova Science Publishing.

Edwards, A., Omilion-Hodges, L. M., & Edwards, C. (2017). How do patients in a medical interview perceive a robot versus human physician? Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 109-110, ACM 978-1-4503-4885-0/01/03 doi: 10.1145/3029798.3038308

Stoll, B., & Edwards, C. (2017). Human-computer interaction. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods (Ed. Mike Allen) pp. 672-674. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Richards, R., Coss, C., & Quinn, J. (2017). Exploration of relational factors and the likelihood of a sexual robotic experience. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 97-103. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-57738-8_9 

2016

Edwards, A., & Harris, C. (2016). To tweet or ‘subtweet’?: Impacts of social networking post directness and valence on interpersonal impressions. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 304-310.

Edwards, A., Edwards, C., Spence, P. R., Harris, C., & Gambino, A. (2016). Communicating with a robot in the classroom: Differences in perceptions of credibility and behavioral learning between robot as teacher and teacher as robot. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, ​627-634.

​Edwards, C., Beattie, A., Edwards, A., & Spence, P. (2016). Differences in perceptions of communication quality between a Twitterbot and human agent for information seeking and learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 666-671. ​​

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Spence, P. R., & Westerman, D. (2016). Initial interaction expectations with robots: Testing the human-to-human interaction script. Communication Studies. 67, 227-238. doi:10.1080/10510974.2015.1121899 ​               ARTICLE OF THE YEAR

Goble, H., Edwards, C., & Beattie, A. (2016). The social presence of twitterbots and racial identity: The impact on credibility and interpersonal attraction. Iowa Communication Journal, 48. 23-35.

Lachlan, K. A., Spence, P. R.,  Rainear, A., Fishlock, J., Zhan Xu., & Bryan Vanco. (2016). You’re my only hope: An initial exploration of the effectivness of robotic platforms in engendering learning about crises and risk. ​Computers in Human Behavior. 65, 606-611. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.081

​Stoll, B., Edwards, C., & Edwards, A. (2016). “Why, aren’t you a sassy little thing?”: The effects of robot-enacted guilt trips on credibility and consensus in a negotiation. Communication Studies, 67, 530-547.

2015

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Stoll, B., Massey, N. & Spence, P. (2015). Social identity in human-robot interaction: ​An examination of age group identification on perceptions of social  robots. Presented at the annual meeting  of the International Communication Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Spence, P. R., & Westerman, D. (2015). Initial interaction expectations with robots: Testing the human-to-human interaction script. Presented at 101st Annual Conference of the National Communication Association, Las Vegas, NV.

2014

​Edwards, C., Edwards, A., Spence, P. R., & Shelton, A. K. (2014). Is that a bot running the social media feed? Testing the differences in perceptions of communication quality for a human agent and a bot agent on Twitter. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 372-376.

​Lachlan, K. A., Spence, P. R., Edwards, A., Reno, K., & Edwards, C. (2014). If you are quick enough, I will think about it: Information speed and trust in public health organizations. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 377-380.

Spence, P. R., Westerman, D., Edwards, C., & Edwards, A. (2014). Welcoming our robot overlords: Initial expectations about interaction with a robot. Communication Research Reports, 31, 272-280. doi: 10.1080/08824096.2014.924337